Electronic components are the fundamental building blocks used to design and fabricate electronic circuits. They are categorized based on how they handle electrical energy. --- ## 1. Classification of Electronic Parts Electronic components are broadly divided into two main categories: **Passive** and **Active**. ### A. Passive Components These components cannot introduce net energy into the circuit and do not require a power source to perform their function. They generally store or dissipate energy. | Component | Symbol | Function | | :--- | :---: | :--- | | **Resistor** | R | Limits the flow of electric current and drops voltage. | | **Capacitor** | C | Stores electrical energy in an electric field; filters signals. | | **Inductor** | L | Stores energy in a magnetic field; resists changes in current. | | **Transformer** | T | Transfers energy between circuits through magnetic induction. | ### B. Active Components These components rely on a source of power and can control the flow of electricity. They can amplify signals or provide switching actions. | Component | Symbol | Function | | :--- | :---: | :--- | | **Diode** | D | Allows current to flow in one direction only. | | **Transistor** | Q / TR | Acts as a switch or an amplifier (BJT, MOSFET). | | **Integrated Circuit**| IC / U | A complex circuit miniaturized onto a silicon chip. | | **LED** | LED | A diode that emits light when current passes through it. | --- ## 2. Electromechanical & Connection Parts These parts provide the physical interface or mechanical movement within an electronic system. * **Switches:** Manually break or connect a circuit (e.g., Push buttons, Toggle switches). * **Connectors:** Used to join circuits together (e.g., USB, HDMI, Header pins). * **Relays:** Electrically operated switches that use electromagnetism to open or close contacts. --- ## 3. Basic Identification Code Example Many components use standardized color coding or alphanumeric marking to indicate their values. ```python # Example: Calculating Resistor Value (4-band) # Colors: Brown (1), Black (0), Red (x100), Gold (5%) value = (10) * 100 tolerance = "5%" print(f"Resistance: {value} Ohms, Tolerance: {tolerance}") # Output: Resistance: 1000 Ohms (1kΩ), Tolerance: 5% ``` --- ## 4. Mounting Technologies There are two primary ways components are attached to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB): 1. **Through-Hole Technology (THT):** Components have leads that pass through holes in the PCB and are soldered on the opposite side. 2. **Surface Mount Technology (SMT):** Components (SMD) are soldered directly onto the surface of the PCB, allowing for smaller devices.